Conceitos de IoT aplicados no desenvolvimento de módulo eletrônico de transmissão de dados a longas distâncias

Abstract

The expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications in large territories, such as Brazil, faces significant connectivity challenges in remote areas with limited infrastructure and urban environments with high interference. The validation of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies in real-world scenarios is of great importance for the development of robust and scalable solutions. Thus, this study focuses on the application of IoT concepts in the development of an electronic module optimized for long-range data transmission, prioritizing range, maximum reliability, operational autonomy, and viability for large-scale production. To this end, a communication system using LoRaWAN technology was developed and experimentally validated, allowing for the analysis of the system performance under real-world conditions. The performance evaluation, based on metrics such as Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and Packet Loss Rate (PLR), allowed for the analysis of channel degradation and identification of practical communication limits. The quantitative analysis of the results demonstrated that the presence of a direct Line-of- Sight (LoS) is a key factor for high reliability, achieving a packet loss rate of 4.39%. For non-line-of-sight scenarios, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of using high-gain antennas, which reduced the packet loss rate from nearly 30% to 6.02% in a rural environment. Simultaneously, the study established the practical limit of the system, where the combination of long distance and multiple terrain obstructions led to total communication failure (100% packet loss). These practical thresholds, which also validate the theoretical robustness of the system in operating with an SNR as low as -20.39dB, serve as a guide for planning resilient networks in challenging propagation scenarios, such as those found in Brazil.