Análise das políticas para geração distribuída de eletricidade a partir do biogás de resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil

Abstract

Distributed Generation (GD) in Brazil was a milestone for the Brazilian electricity matrix, as it allowed the generation of electricity to the National Interconnected System (SIN) from small renewable energy sources or qualified cogeneration, such as: hydroelectric power plants (CGH ), photovoltaic solar (UFV), wind power (EOL) and thermal power plants (UTEs). Within the UTEs, include urban solid waste plants, the focus of the research. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the economically viable energy potential of biogas from Urban Solid Waste (MSW), using the rules and regulations of Distributed Generation (DG) as a parameter. In addition, alternatives and strategies are sought that make this generation feasible for small and medium-sized Brazilian municipalities with the adoption of national and international policies. Initially, electricity generation from MSW was taken as a source of study from the perspective of the New Distributed Generation Framework, the Legal Framework for Distributed Microgeneration and Minigeneration and the Electricity Compensation System (SCEE), supported by the Law Ordinary No. 14,300/2022. Subsequently, it was found that the minimum viable population, considering the New Landmark of the DG, was 80,000 inhabitants. Next, it was evaluated how policies such as ICMS Exemption, interest rate reduction and the creation of tradable green certificates can directly impact the viability of projects. Of all the proposed scenarios, the creation of green certificates (a scenario called the Belgium Case) was the one that brought the most advantages from an economic point of view. Then, the current market for electricity generation from MSW for municipalities with populations above 80,000 inhabitants was studied. In this study, it was found that the average viable potential is approximately 300 MW of installed power and 2 TWh of electricity produced, which represents 2% of the distributed generation potential currently installed in the country (15,000 MW). Although it seems small, this use is of vital importance for the country, as it reduces an environmental liability that is the illegal and inappropriate disposal of waste in dumps and controlled landfills, and sustainably produces electricity generation from this residue. Finally, it was noticed that, despite the exponential growth of DG in Brazil, leveraged by photovoltaics, there is still a lack of public policies and incentives for electricity generation from MSW biogas.